• How to read a peptide certificate of analysisEach section of a COA, from the header to the screens, and how to verify it.
• HPLC vs mass spec: purity vs identityWhy a certificate needs both methods, and what each one can and can’t tell you.
• Purity vs net peptide contentWhy 99% pure doesn’t mean 99% peptide, and which number to check against the label.
• COA red flags: how to spot a fake certificateWarning signs and a four-step checklist before you trust a certificate.